Germany hybrid solar cell technology got breakthrough
More recently, the German Institute for Microsystems Technology (IMTEK) and the University of Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) to date of scientists in the development of efficient hybrid solar cells achieved, the efficiency of up to 2%. Related research results were in the recent "Applied Physics Letters published" on.
Organic solar cells made from organic materials VGP-BPL2C ,VGP-BPL8 , VGP-BPL8A ,VGP-BPL9that form the core of the solar cells is the so-called third generation of solar cells, still in the research stage. Compared with standard silicon solar cells, organic solar cells, thin and flexible, low cost and fast production. Despite its low efficiency is not high, sometimes life is short, but is bound by its role in the integration of applications and for a time-system self-sufficiency in energy, have a broad application prospects.
Pure organic solar cells, the optically active layer of the two components of the composition of organic matter through. The hybrid solar cells, photoactive layer consisting of inorganic nanoparticles and (bio-) polymer blend. Through the use of so-called cadmium selenide quantum dots, Germany, Micro Systems Technology Institute and the University of Freiburg Materials Research Center, researchers have successfully developed a nanoparticle surface treatment methods, can significantly improve the efficiency of organic solar cells and achieved high 2% efficiency. Measurement results were confirmed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) "colors and organic solar cells have been," the working group. vgp-bps13 , vgp-bps13/s , vgp-bps13a/b vgp-bps13b/bPrior to this, the efficiency of the value of almost 1% to 1.8%. The current research and development of this approach in principle, for a variety of nano-particles in order to further improve the efficiency of such solar cells opens up broad prospects.
electrical problem caused by the poles reverse polarity
Phenomenon failure: an Isuzu car engine switch is closed, the gauge shows normal, but the charge indicator light does not shine and make the switch Ⅱ file (start-file), the starter motor to work.
Troubleshooting: check the charging indicator, PA3285U-1BRS ， PA3285U-2BRS ， PA3285U-3BRS charging indicator light shows normal. Because the freight car the indicator light on the combination of relay control, so that the combination eliminated inspecting relay, but did not find the problem.
The combination of light from the relay circuit wiring of the car, we can see that if the engine is not running the power switch closed Ⅱ file or file, the charge indicator light will be illuminated by the very power of the current from the battery positive charge → → Power Switch LED charging indicator → Combination relay normally closed relay contacts → dati. After the ignition switch in a closed car charging the light is not shining, through the analysis to be a direct charge of the normally closed relay contacts caused by disconnection, so I suspect that at this time load indicator relay has a voltage supply terminal. The car charging indicator Relay termination power in the next column IG alternator, so the alternator to remove control of decomposition, when he discovered that the alternator is being rectified with a diode board has been short circuit breakdown. Diode replacement, troubleshooting.
Board rectifier diode alternator is a short breakdown of the current battery is the alternator B + diode short circuit armature in the next column → → generator of alternating current, IG next column → → Dati coil relay load indicator of relay is instructed so that the electric charge moves to open their regular contact absorption, which not only cut the charging circuit Dati another indicator to sever the link Dati starter relay, so close the power switch, the judgments above occur.
Noted that: The short circuit due to PA3383U-1BRS ， PA3395U-1BRS ， PA3399U-1BAS the breakdown diode driver of the vehicle had been mistakenly reversed the polarity of the battery, resulting in the battery without load current flowing through the exchange of the situation caused by generators rectifier diodes.
General Motors will use $246 million to build assembly line
Recently announced General Motors will invest 246 million dollars to create engine production line, thus became the first U.S. design, the production of large automobile manufacturers. The first designed by General Motors, the production of electric motors is expected that in 2013 a new generation of GM rear-wheel drive two-mode hybrid PA3399U-1BRS ， PA3399U-2BAS ， PA3399U-2BRS versions of true. Engine is a hybrid car and electric vehicle research and development of core technologies, common and exotic, imports and production plans will accelerate the very global electric vehicles that use hybrid cars, the pace of investment. According to the previous idea of the industry to wait until 2020, electric vehicles are possible, large-scale production.
So, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles can, represented by new energy really "do report progress?
The new engine is the heart of the competitiveness of
In a traditional car manufacturers are always achieved through the development and manufacture of highly efficient internal combustion engines for maximum fuel economy, while the fuel is needed to supply the tank through the car and the electric motors and batteries in hybrid cars, electric vehicles, and each with the engine to play the same role. Achieved with the pure electric drive mode to an increase in driving distance and speed, the electric motor and batteries are becoming increasingly important. According to the plan of GM, by controlling the planning, selection of raw materials and production, GM will reduce the cost of production of electric motors to deliver its performance, quality, reliability and production processes.
"In the future, the driver of the car, the engine will be as important as they are now," said GM Vice Chairman Global Product Operations, TomStephens. "Through our own development, manufacturing electric motors, we can make better use of the battery, and at lower cost and weight of the battery, thus reaching the detection of the actual car batteries facing the development of these technical difficulties."
Electric car production to accelerate the pace of
After the date in the industry for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle market predicts that the oldest are around 2020, North America, Western Europe and some other countries can be a large-scale promotion of the conditions, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles are on the basic concept of the base form by car in public. Determining the General Motors' high-profile investments in production facilities and for the production schedule that has been shown that the pace of electric car production trends.
In fact, from the end of last year, domestic and foreign automobile manufacturers have to accelerate the strategic plan for the electric car. Domestically, first gained the favor of Warren Buffett's BYD, is then invested a subsidiary of Zhong Xin Jia Lei Day of energy in the second half of last year, 30 billion yuan investment in electric car project, a record of domestic investment in this area the most; Recently, the Li Ka-Shing has also GAIN Capital Holdings announced a stake in the electric car market.
The international front, in addition to general-purpose high-profile regulatory electric cars, Toyota last month announced that it will be completed in 2011 to promote hybrid production to be twice as high, and invest more than 100 million U.S. dollars for a hybrid battery production and expand supply, given South Korea's LG Chemical Company, also the middle of last month, aware that the Ford Motor Company Hybrid technology ensures, with annual revenues expected to reach 447 million. Given the current situation of several major international auto giants are expected to form around 2015, electric cars, hybrid production capacity of the scale, if at this time, the market has the ability to commit themselves, then the electric car, hybrid earlier than originally planned five year " on the road. "
Consumer policy is a key market
But car manufacturers do not complete electric, hybrid production capacity of the layout, it marks the advent of the automobile energy revolution, the hardware equipment, fuel economy and policy of positive efforts to truly universal electric cars if they can, another key to the promotion the.
Better in the global sales of hybrid vehicles, Toyota Prius, of course, was reached last year, car sales in North America, 19 million pieces on this record for the hybrids in relation to very good, but only the number of fewer than last year in China car sales sixtieth whole.
Hinder, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles a big reason why the development of hardware equipment, the use of motor fuel actually eliminated the problems, but the owners also have to charge, is a perfect charging station network layout, so owners will be directly whether to buy electric cars or hybrids. The current GM Volt produced in the United States this year, with extended range of electric vehicles, for example, to the vehicle, a battery, which PA3421U-1BRS， PA3534U-1BRS ， PA3591U-1BRS ， PA3465U-1BRS charge 64 kilometers, can travel 64 kilometers back, they have on the transmission of its fuel cell engine is dependent. Obviously, if in accordance with the layout of each charging station 64 km radius of a standard, domestic only in improving the charging station network, it is necessary to spend a lot of investment and time.
While there is no political support in the short term, electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles get about the price sensitivity of consumers, but again without any reason. To f3DM BYD dual-mode electric vehicle, for example, the car's official price target of around 15 million, 100 km consumption of 4 liters, while the same general BYD's F3 car around 57 thousand yuan, 100 km consumption at 7, 8 liters. At the current price saving of 93, even if the car owner driving 40,000 kilometers per year basis, the electric car, fuel costs than the average car is about 6,000 yuan to 7,000 yuan, while the prices more expensive than conventional electric cars around 9 million, so the Only the owner of the price of more than 600,000 kilometers, then the electric car is the cost-effective than conventional cars to demonstrate advantage. And such mileage for both the electric cars or ordinary cars are affected, the fairy tale.
Of course, only if the market conditions as technical maturity, if the conditions are ripe, the electric car, hybrid and other new energy vehicles present, only really on the road. " It has recently been constantly improved for two large power for domestic electric vehicle charging network plans for the production of rumors, but the state subsidies for new energy policy is also a craft where they encourage all to continue to be, then perhaps in 2013 or 2015 the energy efficiency of vehicles, the "revolution", otherwise it is only wishful thinking of the automobile manufacturers.